What do we know about corporate philanthropy? A review and research directions

During the past decades, academics and practitioners have been extensively focusing on corporate philanthropy as an important part of corporate social responsibility and a vast number of papers have been published on this topic in various disciplines. To have a better understanding of the evolution of corporate philanthropy, this paper critically reviews some 60 years of research covering 228 corporate philanthropy documents (including 214 journal articles, 5 dissertations, and 9 books and book chapters) across and between disciplines, and analyzes their content in a systematic and comprehensive manner. A multi-level and multidisciplinary theoretical framework that synthesizes and integrates the corporate philanthropy literature at micro-, meso-, and macro-levels of analysis is offered. Specifically, the framework presents antecedents, intermediaries (moderators and mediators), consequences of corporate philanthropy, and the underlying mechanisms of the corporate philanthropy–firm performance relationship. This paper helps bridge important knowledge gaps of corporate philanthropy and its relation with firm performance by studying corporate philanthropy at a multi-level of analysis and applying diverse theoretical frameworks of corporate philanthropy. The paper concludes by offering several suggestions for future research on corporate philanthropy.     

Customers’ perceptions in value and food safety on customer satisfaction and loyalty in restaurant environments: moderating roles of gender and restaurant types

Using a valid sample of 334 restaurant diners, this study investigated the relative effects of perceived value and food safety on customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. The proposed model was consistent with other cognitive–attitudinal–behavioral frameworks. This study also explored how these two perceptions on customer satisfaction were different based on gender and restaurant type. We found support for all of the hypothesized relationships. Results from the structural equation modeling showed that customer satisfaction mediated the relationships between two antecedents and customer loyalty. Implications of the findings, limitations of the study, and recommendations for future research were discussed.     

An Interest Rate Shock on a Small Debtor Economy with Installation Costs of Investment

This paper generalizes the Blanchard-Fischer model (1989) for a small open economy with installation costs of investment. By allowing the divergence of the subjective time preference rate and the world interest rate, the model avoids a constant consumption path which is neither feasible nor desirable for a small growing economy. While the divergence does not define an usual steady state equilibrium, the installation costs of investment lead the economy to the point at which foreign borrowing is entirely used for the consumption purpose while avoiding infinite borrowing. The intrinsic dynamic responses of the model to an unexpected world interest rate shock is then analyzed. [F34]     

深圳建设国际化城市的内涵

一、国际化城市的类型 国际化城市是具有较大的国际性人流、物流、资金流的城市.根据国际城市的标准及分类,大体上有3种类型: 第一种是一个大国的首都,同时又是国际金融、贸易、产业等中心,如伦敦、东京、华盛顿.华盛顿是世界上重要的政治、经济和金融中心之一,是美国与世界各国沟通的"中转站",世界200多个国家或地区都在华盛顿设立使馆和办事处,华盛顿还是众多跨国公司总部所在地、国际性机构的集中地、世界交通枢纽之一.在本国区域内,它也是重要的区域中心.华盛顿是美国东部的金融重镇,是美国沿海经济发展的龙头之一,是美国技术、资金、人才流动的重要区域之一.作为首都,华盛顿聚集了全国的政治、文化精英而成为美国的政治、文化中心.华盛顿是世界人种的"橱窗",汇聚了各国英才.     

Role of Sport in International Relations: National Rebirth and Renewal

The modern history of sports is inextricably intertwined with national pride, international prestige, and world politics. In many ways, sport has created spillover effects that go beyond sporting results. First, it has played an important role in nation‐building and as a benchmark of national identity. Second, it has served as a vessel through which nations and people assert political independence and to express a distinctive identity. Third, it acts as a conduit of power, allowing nations such as Australia to augment its global status and position on the world stage. Last, sport constitutes a means of contextualizing the renewal or rebirth of a nation, like the success of the 1964 Tokyo Games for post‐war Japan.     

Unskilled wage gaps within the Japanese Empire

This study calculates the cost of subsistence and respectability consumption baskets to derive ‘welfare ratios’ for 11 cities in the Japanese Empire as defined by Allen and his colleagues. Nominal wages tended to be higher where higher prices prevailed, and vice versa. Prices and nominal wages remained highest in Japan and lowest in Manchuria, with Korea and Taiwan being placed in between. Welfare ratios remained roughly comparable in the 1910s in the imperial cities outside Manchuria, where unskilled workers enjoyed substantially higher living standards. Interwar decades saw real wages rise in Tokyo, but fall in Dalian, which caused convergence in workers' income levels. Wage divergence occurred within Manchuria, as workers in Shenyang and Changchun enjoyed an improving welfare ratio. Real wages rose more slowly in Korean and Taiwanese than in Japanese cities. Replacing a subsistence lifestyle with a ‘respectable’ lifestyle yields a significantly different picture of the evolution of the real wage gap within the empire, which contradicts findings reported by existing studies in important respects.     

Leader–Member Exchange (LMX) and Frontline Employees’ Service-Oriented Organizational Citizenship Behavior in the Foodservice Context: Exploring the Moderating Role of Work Status

This study identified the direct and indirect effect of leader–member exchange (LMX) on frontline employees’ service-oriented organizational citizenship behaviors (SOCB) targeting customers and co-workers in the foodservice context. Service-role ambiguity was proposed as a partial mediator in the conceptual model. The moderating effect of work status was also explored in this study. Data were collected from 452 frontline employees, working in 31 different foodservice establishments. All five proposed hypotheses were supported, highlighting the effect of LMX on service role clarity (or ambiguity) and the SOCB. A multiple-group structural equation modeling analysis showed that the effect of LMX on SOCB was higher among part-time employees, compared to full-time employees. One implication of the study findings is that part-time employees should also be treated as a valuable asset to the foodservice organization.     

探求旅游与城市的平衡点

城市与旅游相辅相成 城市是现代旅游发展的有机载体,承载着旅游目的地、旅游客源地、旅游集散地等多重功能;旅游是城市的金字招牌,是城市性格的关键元素,是城市活力的不尽源泉。     

Travelers’ parasocial interactions in online travel communities

This study explores whether, through parasocial interaction (PSI), trust in other travel community users drives travelers’ satisfaction with those communities as well as their travel experiences. It further examines the moderating effect of the quantity of contact with the communities. A total of 334 responses from travel community users were collected in South Korea. The results suggest all trust dimensions (competence, benevolence, and honesty) are significant in developing PSI, predicting community satisfaction and travel satisfaction, while quantity of contact has a positive moderating effect only on the relationship between PSI and travel satisfaction. Theoretical and managerial implications are also discussed.